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科普小课堂 | 信息化、数字化时代的支撑——数据库发展简述

发布于 2021-08-05

<section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="margin: 5px 8px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;justify-content: flex-end;line-height: 1.5em;text-indent: 0em;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 100%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: -1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p><img data-backh="121" data-backw="370" 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!important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 20px;width: 20px;background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-width: 3px;border-radius: 100%;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(227, 125, 106);box-shadow: rgb(247, 212, 114) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;text-align: justify;font-size: 30px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></p></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 89.3594px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 20px;width: 20px;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);border-width: 3px;border-radius: 100%;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(227, 125, 106);box-shadow: rgb(247, 212, 114) 0px 0px 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;max-inline-size: 100%;text-align: justify;font-size: 30px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align:right;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: -1px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 8px;text-indent: 0em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: 2em;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 5px 16px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(53, 53, 53);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 黑体, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 20px;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: didot;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp; /&nbsp;</span></strong></strong></span></em></span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(53, 53, 53);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 黑体, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 20px;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: didot;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">CHAPEAU</span></strong></strong></span></em></span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(53, 53, 53);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 黑体, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 20px;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: didot;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">/</span></strong></strong></span></em></span></strong></span></p></section><p style="margin: 5px 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.5em;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 20px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(53, 53, 53);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 黑体, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 20px;text-transform: uppercase;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: didot;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 2px;font-size: 12px;font-family: didot;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">前言</span></strong></em></span></strong></strong></span></strong></span></p></section><section data-role="paragraph" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 16px;text-align: center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></section><section style="margin: 5px 16px;text-align: center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">▼</span></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">写这篇文章的出发点有二:<br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">其一,目前地产业或者制造业正处于信息化、智能化的转型期,大家都逐渐意识到,在大部分情况下,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>用数据代替经验,是提升执行效率和决策精准度的关键</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color:#888888;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">数据库作为信息的载体,了解其发展可以加速数据化、信息化在传统行业的推广;</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">其二,对于数据分析人员来说,掌握数据的存储和读取,可以说是必修课之一,但很多人觉得了解理论,在实际工作中没有用处,笔者觉得这是极大的误区。“</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>theory is practical</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">”,我想应该是这个道理。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">作为入门(毕竟笔者也讲不了太高深的,而且显得意义也不大),笔者将</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>以地产行业的例子,来讲讲数据库的发展简史</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">,希望对大家理解数据库有一点帮助。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">01</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 26px;height: 24px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-right: -11.1px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><img data-ratio="0.9230769230769231" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/xOMcv6tTVWPy9mLmia4o2ya2aRQjFUTia9za1Sz25IzdLrmPiaYiaZvdjJI4cKMnjFGVgsX0MEjvIiaib513Pf7qhcXQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="52" /></section><section style="text-align: left;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px 0px;" data-mid=""><span style="font-size: 24px;">层级模型</span></p></section><section style="width: 29px;height: 25px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin-left: 3px;margin-bottom: 3px;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><img data-ratio="0.84375" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/FN9iarYIMX6CqthUpMDSsUPkNpfgX2CNe9u0fxauNBX9wOiaic0l2Giabp4HCIWQFE4pea0owwnp7dJgkZNGmMtf2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="64" /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">假设A房企是一家布局全国的地产企业,因为体量较大,需要一个数据库来管理记录其开发经营情况。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">下图代表一种数据库的架构设计:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.4675324675324675" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCNrB3XVUia3XfuA99kJOjX5TlfhRX1uqJhmp8muwj8KeG7jgXhDlw9Ng/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="847" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;"><strong>首选考虑将地域作为规划的起点</strong><strong>,接下来按业务种类,设计这套系统的下一层级。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">类似于这套架构的数据存储示意图如下所示:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.4581850533807829" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCdTuTa0T6Q8gJ4J6h3ibQjYyQ14c1Ujl89lfejwheI2gIFImxedtA2Sg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1124" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">我们看到,这套数据库系统,将先按照所属区域,设计一个作为“起始点”的细项表(实际上并非表,只是为了利于表述)。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">后面根据这“起始点”表中的城市,分别设计属于每个城市拿地细项表和经营细项表。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>这种层级区分明显的数据库模型被称作“层级模型”</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">,这种设计架构在专业术语上被称作“树”结构,“起始点”被称作“树根”,而拿地细项表和经营细项表则是这棵树的“枝”。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">因为这棵树比较短,只有两层,作为最后一层,所以也可以说这两张细项表是树的“叶”,实际上如果涉及到的数据种类比较庞大的情况下,按照层级模型的设计,这棵树会有多层的树枝。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">那么,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>为什么要将数据库设计成“层级模型”呢?</strong></span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">因为”树“这种结构,与冯诺依曼型计算机分而治之的递归设计思想天然吻合。换句话说,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>采用“树”结构,能够让机器更加明白它需要做什么</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br />以所属区域和经营细项的关系为例,它们在机器里面的存储,实际上有可能是这样的:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.3898305084745763" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCNsggFLY1r6cFkARbGqfqEgBw5AEruGQj8bibyhbA9iaATDnJtv6OACfg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1121" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">数据之间通过“指针”进行连接,如果对于这套系统中的数据进行增删改查,对于非专业人士来说无疑是困难的。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">以上述存储方式为例,倘若数据库管理员,想要在扬州市的经营细项中,添加新的项目信息,那他必须知道该经营细项的存储路径,并进行树的层序遍历定位到该位置……</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">或许这就是这种数据库难以推广的原因吧,让人类懂机器语言,成本无疑太高了。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">02</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 578px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-right: -11.1px;margin-bottom: 5px;width: 26px;height: 24px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.9230769230769231" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/xOMcv6tTVWPy9mLmia4o2ya2aRQjFUTia9za1Sz25IzdLrmPiaYiaZvdjJI4cKMnjFGVgsX0MEjvIiaib513Pf7qhcXQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="52" /></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="text-align: left;"><p data-mid="" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">网状模型</span></p></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 3px;width: 29px;height: 25px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.84375" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/FN9iarYIMX6CqthUpMDSsUPkNpfgX2CNe9u0fxauNBX9wOiaic0l2Giabp4HCIWQFE4pea0owwnp7dJgkZNGmMtf2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="64" /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">其实不仅仅是学习成本的问题,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>“层级模型”在表示数据间的复杂关系时,也显得捉襟见肘。</strong></span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">上述的例子还不够复杂,城市作为上一层级,和下一层级的项目情况是典型的“一对多”的关系,即一个市可以有很多的经营、拿地项目,但一个经营、拿地项目却只能对应一个市。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">但是现实中,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>事物和事物之间的关系,往往是典型的“多对多”</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">,比如“父母”对“子女”是培养的关系,但“子女”对“父母”也存在赡养的关系,房企中数据关系也绝非全部都是“一对多”。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">一个典型的例子就是,对于经营的项目来说,其实也分很多种类,大类上来说,有“普通住宅”、“别墅”、“商用”等类型。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">某些开发商为了便于管理和分析,还分了很多细项类别,比如会在“普通住宅”中细分“刚需”、“改善”等等。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">那么问题来了,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>“项目分类”和“区域划分”是什么关系?</strong></span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br />每个城市中,可能有许多项目分类,每种项目类型也可能存在许多城市之中,所以这是典型的“多对多”的关系。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">此时,如果继续用层状模型来存储,其实也不是不行,但是会有太多冗余的信息。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">为了更好的解决这个问题,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>“网状模型”诞生了,“网状模型”所依赖的架构结构不是“树”,而是“有向图”。</strong></span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">“有向图”和“树”之间的差异在于:“树”的枝叶只能严格对应其上一层级中某一节点,但“有向图“宽泛的多,没有严格定义的层级。“树”只能有一个根,但“有向图”可以有很多。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br />如果这样表述不够直观的话,我们将“经营类别”加入之前的架构中,如下所示:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.43595769682726204" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCwFX5XyRJpExXdusibufbnp77NUgCJsy8sRFmrfsbnfb9iaENKmYCyzXQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="851" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">按照“树“逻辑,这个架构绝非一棵树,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>但是按照”树“的抽象,它可以说是一个森林</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">,有两个树根,分别是“经营类别”和“所属区域”。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">并且枝叶“经营细项”对应上一层级中的经营类别”和“所属区域”,而不是只对应一个。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">数据按照此架构的存储示意图如下所示:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.6345919610231425" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCReWPxm352lexTL7LO3ze9yWCAmRXlkOdK8mZst4NDicWsFovAcLrwxQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="821" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">由上图可知,“有向图“将”所属区域“和”经营类别“这种”多对多“的关系,拆解成了”经营类别-经营细项“和”所属区域-经营细项“两个”一对多“的关系,从而</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>更好地解决了数据间复杂关系的问题。</strong></span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">但是图的数据结构比树更加复杂,所以还是回到了刚开始那个无法回避的问题。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>以上两种架构都太底层,抽象程度较低,学习成本太高,不利于其推广</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">,自然也就不具备太高的实用价值和商业价值。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">03</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 578px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-right: -11.1px;margin-bottom: 5px;width: 26px;height: 24px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.9230769230769231" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/xOMcv6tTVWPy9mLmia4o2ya2aRQjFUTia9za1Sz25IzdLrmPiaYiaZvdjJI4cKMnjFGVgsX0MEjvIiaib513Pf7qhcXQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="52" /></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="text-align: left;"><p data-mid="" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">关系模型</span></p></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 3px;width: 29px;height: 25px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.84375" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/FN9iarYIMX6CqthUpMDSsUPkNpfgX2CNe9u0fxauNBX9wOiaic0l2Giabp4HCIWQFE4pea0owwnp7dJgkZNGmMtf2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="64" /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">可是随着信息时代的不断发展,对于数据或者量化的需求越来越多,就越来越需要一种能让普罗大众接受,并使用的数据库来解决此类问题。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">或者更贴切地说,机器能听懂的语言,咱人类很难听懂啊,</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>我们需要机器按照我们人类的逻辑去思考,解决我们的问题</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">。</span></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">伟大的天才Codd正是为解决这个问题而生。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Codd的一生充满了传奇色彩,他曾经作为一名英国皇家飞行员,参加过第二次世界大战。</span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">后面他来到美国,在IBM公司工作,1981年,他凭借其在关系型数据库的贡献,获得了当年的图灵奖。</span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">或许是因为忍受不了之前的数据库设计中指针混乱、地址泛滥等问题,亦或是无法接受数据库的使用,一直被束之高阁的态势。</span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">他发出了振聋发聩的呼喊:</span></em></span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><em><strong>请暂时远离指针和地址吧!我们现在只需要知道数据本身的关系!</strong></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Codd先后发表了两篇论文,以集合论为基本思想,并用逻辑谓词作为数据库的操作基础,一举奠定了关系型数据库的基石。</span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">这时有个叫Larry Ellison聪明的年轻人,在阅读了论文之后,发现了此中的商机,创办了一家数据库软件公司,并在若干年后成为了硅谷首富,这家公司正是如今的甲骨文(Oracle)。</span></em></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">言归正传,那么</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>关系型数据库,要如何组织地产公司的数据库架构呢?</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">我们还是以“区域-经营“为例,给出数据库架构图:</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.49560117302052786" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCK9c3LYoPHOeGg9nwgS5YByEyVvFkD5h3uxd7LyR2icdWou38rx1Vy5A/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="682" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">数据存储的示意图:</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.7908496732026143" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCwB4gSLxSXJmu5GA6fNRYNNhQ7VADfGMJeqYyNM7fdQRIket8iatQmicQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="765" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">这个数据库架构和存储示意图,</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>相较于之前两种,最明显的区别,在于根本没有谁指向谁的路径。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">那么,</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>它们之间是如何联系的呢?答案是:“关系”。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">细心的读者肯定发现了,数据存储中红色的那一列,彼此之间都是互不相同的,代表了这行条目的唯一性,维持了这张表作为“集合”的性质,术语上称之为“主键”。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">蓝色的两列,分别代表了经营细项和经营类别、所属区域之间的联系,术语上称之为“外键”。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">这时你肯定恍然大悟:是关系,</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>是经营类别、所属区域两张表的“主键”,和经营细项表的“外键”之间的关系,建立了整体的联系</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">!</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">下面我将简单描述一下</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>“关系模型”,如何以“人”的思维来运作</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">首先对于数据的量化这一点,人类的常用的工具是什么?</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">很显然,我们在用数据处理一个问题的时候,首先会对许多假设进行判断,并结合判断为正确的假设,再进行加减乘除的计算,来得到基于正确假设的结果。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">其实这个两个过程,可以归纳为以谓词(谓词即为返回值为真值的函数,例如“是”、“≤”、“存在”等)逻辑为基础的代数运算过程。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">有了这样一个归纳的前提后,我们来看一下“关系模型“是如何像人类一样思考问题:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">1.添加新的数据</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。由于数量比较大,经营细项的数据,由两个人来整理,另一个人整理的经营细项的数据如下:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.44992050874403816" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCpXzEibYntZHePukvUcmqLCgpg2e66Prtj5MKlO8XXVtQRx3n0yLVZ7w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="629" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">现在我们需要将这张表,添加到之前的经营细项中,其实就是将两张表“加”起来,同时维护集合的性质,去掉重复的数据。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.7665198237885462" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCA0wI5zS0F5WSGfcd1TrriaR5CM9eR2QN1AYuZiaoe4BDl4PwTj1oocfg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="454" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">2.找出经营细项中,尚未存在的项目小类类型</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。解决这个问题,需要建立“经营类别”和“经营细项”两张表的联系,然后用集合“减”法,得到最后的结果。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.35264735264735264" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCIWM6cTA2KoMLrTtcDnXfXialaRjApjtAm50gJk75PHmycMExz4Z6oLQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1001" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.求普通住宅的销售套数总和</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。同样的,我们需要建立“经营类别”和“经营细项”两张表的联系,但是这次我们将(“刚需”,“改善”)这样一个集合,作为一个“乘法因子”用来“乘”以经营细项表中对应的套数,得到结果:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.34074074074074073" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCXkOV0CsOLCb3yKuKodbVszOk2kYoricGvNI7TBve8VWl4ySCandvicgA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1080" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.求包含所有普通住宅类型的城市</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。同上图一样,我们建立起两张表之间同样的联系。但是这次我们将(“刚需”,“改善”)当作“除数因子”,每个城市作为被除数,两者相“除”,求得商为正整数的城市:</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.37155963302752293" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIzXrsg7Ie5QuiaUebicxzT9NCvVylKF9ubOQqcQsIiawXTjIdGQ153M84sE6OuscJLj3cmlBfibqNLnNw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1090" style="" /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">关系模型真的做到了!它能够按照人类的逻辑去量化数据!</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">命题即是一种谓词逻辑判断,再加上集合的关系运算,能够轻松地得到我们想要的结果。这套数据库架构完美的符合人类的思维方式!</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">设计者们依据这一架构设计了一套封闭的语言体系——Structured Query Language(SQL)</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">,这一套查询语言因为其简单的可操作性,很快就占领了市场,甲骨文公司也因此赚得盆满钵满。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">关系模型很好的解决了层级模型和网状模型的弊端。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">但是天底下没有免费的午餐,</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>关系模型在提高了数据库的抽象性的同时,也因为其封闭性、底层不对外可见,从而降低了数据查询的性能</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">所以当数据的规模增大到一定程度,达到性能瓶颈时,关系模型数据库,有时也会显得力不从心</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">,也就催生了后来的NoSQL和分布式存储技术的发展。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">不过,相比于其对于信息时代的贡献来说,可以说是瑕不掩瑜。并且,笔者认为关系模型的设计思想至少从当前来说,还丝毫没有过时。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 578px;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-right: -11.1px;margin-bottom: 5px;width: 26px;height: 24px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.9230769230769231" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/xOMcv6tTVWPy9mLmia4o2ya2aRQjFUTia9za1Sz25IzdLrmPiaYiaZvdjJI4cKMnjFGVgsX0MEjvIiaib513Pf7qhcXQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="52" /></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="text-align: left;"><p data-mid="" style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 0px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 24px;">小结</span></p></section><section data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t" style="margin-bottom: 3px;margin-left: 3px;width: 29px;height: 25px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;"><img data-ratio="0.84375" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/FN9iarYIMX6CqthUpMDSsUPkNpfgX2CNe9u0fxauNBX9wOiaic0l2Giabp4HCIWQFE4pea0owwnp7dJgkZNGmMtf2Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="64" /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><br /></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">本文主要介绍了数据库的发展简史,希望能对传统行业的从业人员了解其相关知识提供一点帮助。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">其实笔者也曾在一家大型的制造型企业工作过两年,难以想象的是——</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>当前很多传统行业,虽然通过购买相关软件或者外包的形式,已经实现了流程管理的IT化,但是对于核心的产品和功能,还基本停留在经验和纸质版,或非标准化存储的阶段</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;">这对于开发和创新来说,无疑是非常低效的,期望以后会越来越好。</span></section><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><section data-role="paragraph" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft 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data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIwaUyIuHQngl5c5PD5uQEXrh3UfLLLmbNNIYHsl0uM1fFRJCOicUgwgiaAoBNbUmeBiahGEFZBm9uXAw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1" data-w="300" width="50px" style="box-sizing: border-box;z-index: -1;cursor: pointer;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);width: 50px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;outline: none 0px !important;visibility: visible !important;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" style="max-width: 100%;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section 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Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);letter-spacing: 1.5px;text-align: center;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0.2px;font-size: 12px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">感谢你的每一个分享 | 点赞 | 在看</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: right;line-height: 1.75em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(89, 89, 89);letter-spacing: 1.5px;text-align: 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