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谢林隔离模型

发布于 2021-06-03

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!important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;+预计阅读时间5分钟&nbsp;</em></span></strong></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;text-align: center;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 5px 8px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.5em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(73, 73, 73);font-size: 14px;font-family: PingFangSC-Light;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">「 本文共791字 」</span></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;line-height: 1.5em;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></section><section data-role="outer" style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 16px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 5px 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1.5em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 273px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="text-align:right;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 8px;text-indent: 0em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 2em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;line-height: 2em;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">“物以类聚,人以群分”是我们在宏观层面常常可以观察到的现象。那么这一宏观结果,是如何形成的?是由于每个人都倾向于和自己相似的人<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">呆在</span>一起而最终会形成怎样的格局吗?谢林的隔离模型为我们提供了一个有趣的分析思路。</span></section><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br /></span></section><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">假设红、蓝两类居民生活在在一个50乘50的网格城市中,每个网格最多可以居住一个居民。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">红色居民所在网格标记为红色,蓝色居民所在网格标记蓝色。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">若某网格无人居住,则将其标记为白色。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在初始状态下,每个居民所处的位置是相对随机的,红、蓝色居民占总人数的50%,网格空置率为10%。</span></span></section><p style="text-align:justify;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><img data-ratio="1.0516528925619835" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2banlibjeOoFN5HBCgib9f20gvp8wgBFd2kicHGiaOJCichaAibBhgeMGNeTZB1A/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="484" height="180" style="box-sizing: border-box;max-inline-size: 100%;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 17px;caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);height: 180px;width: 171px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;outline: none 0px !important;" width="171" /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;"></span><br /></p><section style="line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: justify;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">按照“人以群分”的思想,我们假设居住在网格城市中的居民都希望在自己的邻居中,或多或少有和自己相似的人。因此在判断一个区域是否适合居住时,他们会以自己的网格为中心,考察网格所处社区的人员构成。比如,居民A是一位蓝色居民,在以她为中心的3乘3网格社区中,她一共有7位邻居,其中有4位红色邻居,3位蓝色邻居。邻居中同类占比为该社区居民与该居民的相似度,居民A是一位包容性较强的女士,只要相似度在40%及以上,她就愿意继续留在该社区,如果相似度低于40%,她将搬到其他社区。</span></section><p><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">&nbsp;</span><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2banZIhLszuBLfk4cWcah0OlZrypL6AWHzCwFRsCPeBYia61K2KuAQ3mQOA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="583" height="209" style="box-sizing: border-box;max-inline-size: 100%;z-index: -1;cursor: pointer;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);height: 209px;width: 209px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;outline: none 0px !important;" width="209" /></p><p><br /></p><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">基于以上假设、初始条件和规则,我们让网格城市中的居民做出搬家与否的决策。在经历20轮模拟后,不难发现红、蓝两类居民形成了较为明显的隔离。</span></section><p style="text-align:justify;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><tr style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><td height="189" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></td><td valign="top" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2bantFxO56vRkkE8fqkiaIf7AHngm4skUfQWsflS2mtxF0DSdpdq3ic7Qdrg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="433" /></p></td><td style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><img data-ratio="0.9659574468085106" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2banjgmrZu3hYPVBXavNaNtUxVNS2F5ngiaUZ5K6Mv2lRiakOsZBYCHWFZng/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="470" /></p></td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></td></tr><tr style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><td height="4" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><br /></td><td height="4" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;" align="center" valign="middle"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;相似度:40%&nbsp;</span></p></td><td height="4" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-size: 12px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%;cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;">相似度:</span>60%</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">如果在网格城市中的居民并不像居民A一样包容,这样的隔离是否会加剧呢?正如我们所预期的那样,将相似度提高到60%后,红、蓝两类居民的隔离变得更加明显。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br /></section><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">然而继续将相似度提高到80%甚至100%后,我们发现,隔离似乎消失了。</span></section><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" align="center"><tbody style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><tr style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><td height="0" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><img data-ratio="1.0065075921908895" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2banv3SKN3K0Jnqd5BJeJpw1xj8FzYBu3Fjxezr2RGGHp4nicSaG8MlljUg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="461" /></p></td><td height="0" style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="margin: 5px 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><img data-ratio="0.9830508474576272" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIytNYFnQoDBSw9Kzraib2bandcfE9WOYSgz6icibt60DuMMO8veGVibKLVic5sMzgnxic4DKhmXQTh5ia64Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="472" /></p></td></tr><tr style="max-inline-size: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;"><td style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;" align="center" valign="middle"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #7f7f7f;">相似度:80%&nbsp;</span></p></td><td style="max-inline-size: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word;word-break: break-all;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);cursor: text;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;" align="center" valign="middle"><p style="margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #7F7F7F;">相似度:100%</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-left:96px;text-indent:48px;"><br /></p><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这个</span>结果也并不难理解。如果一个人对周围环境的容忍度极低,那么他大概率会高频率地“搬家”。</span></section><p style="text-align:justify;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><br /></p><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 0em;">一定程度的包容,促成了隔离的形成,而极度的不包容,反而无法形成隔离。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 0em;">微观主体的决策行为并不一定会造成与之一致的宏观结果。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 0em;">除了上述论外,谢林隔离模型最主要的贡献在于描述了同质性对于空间隔离的影响与作用,这一经典的分析过程被广泛地运用于种族隔离、收入隔离,以及更新的社交网络中的“抱团”等社会现象。</span><br /></section><p style="text-align:justify;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 0em;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 15px;margin-right: 15px;line-height: 2em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">纽约布鲁克林种族分布情况图</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.8652575957727873" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/AJkYaTAujIwMcibPLU6OkhqzzklrqdyceUVTic40Cw96l2LR20RWvE1HmJhJ8IDDYxWUmHANqOoteekzZR7DvsxQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="757" style="" 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